Abnormal psychology/depression Essay

Serotonin †A synapse associated with mind-set, rest, craving, and rash and forceful conduct. Definitions taken from www. allpsyc. com/word reference If a person’s serotonin is too low it at that point brings about sorrow. Every one of the three synapses must cooperate on an even level all together for the mind to work appropriately. It has been demonstrated through post-mortem examination results that low serotonin is evident in a discouraged individual. In any case, this doesn't demonstrate climate sadness causes the serotonin level to drop or if low serotonin causes gloom. Sigmund Freud depicted sorrow as a human reaction to misfortune. The psychodynamic way to deal with melancholy clarifies that the sentiments of a grown-up ponder the encounters of a kid. On the off chance that for instance a kid endures the loss of their mom during adolescence, this outcomes in grown-up sorrow. Freud likewise contended that downturn identifies with early associations with guardians. Antagonistic sentiments towards the guardians are diverted towards oneself bringing about scorn of oneself. Sentiments of wretchedness can emerge from absence of warmth and love during youth. Injury of a kid reappears in adulthood as wretchedness. As per Freud, the cognizant and oblivious pieces of the brain can collide with each other, creating wonders called constraint (a state where you are ignorant of having certain upsetting thought processes, wishes or wants yet they impact you contrarily in any case). By and large, psychodynamic hypotheses recommend that an individual should effectively resolve early formative clash so as to conquer restraint and accomplish psychological wellness. Dysfunctional behavior, then again, is an inability to determine these contentions. Abraham in 1911 proposed that downturn was the aftereffect of the resentment felt towards a dismissed adored one. The psychodynamic way to deal with melancholy is bolstered by the point that youth misfortune predicts later powerlessness to despondency. A subjective way to deal with wretchedness, recommend that downturn is a perspective. An individual becomes discouraged due to the manner in which they think and feel. Psychological †conduct hypothesis is distinctive to that of Seligman and Abramson’s ‘hopelessness theory’ which proposes that individuals gain from youth that they are weak to control what is the fate of them, therefore grown-ups become latent and vulnerable. Beck in 1991 built up the intellectual †conduct hypothesis of wretchedness. He contended that downturn comes from negative reasoning. â€Å"Depressed individuals experience the ill effects of an intellectual set of three of negative convictions about themselves, their future and their past encounters. † Giles B (2002:108) An intellectual set of three of contrary reasoning: An antagonistic perspective on the self An adverse perspective on the world A pessimistic perspective on the future Beck proposed that individuals who are inclined to misery have built up a ‘self-critical’ and negative perspective and feeling towards themselves. Beck accepts that negative speculation begins in adolescence and is a consequence of been raised by basic negative guardians with whom the youngster distinguishes. Beck recommended that because of these early encounters the youngster forms into adulthood with a negative self composition. Both intellectual and psychodynamic ways to deal with sorrow propose the youth experience is the course of misery. Freud’s hypothesis recommends that downturn is a consequence of the departure of a mother or maybe a pessimistic childhood, Beck proposed nearly equivalent to he recommended that an adverse family urges an individual to get discouraged. Both theories’ hold most of duty on the childhood of a youngster. Be that as it may, on the off chance that this as the case, all youngsters in negative family units would then get discouraged. Freud’s research on gloom was restricted because of the time of study. At the time in history it was the standard for a family to be thought about by the mother. This isn't generally the situation in today’s society, given this would youngsters having endured the departure of a dad additionally endure despondency in adulthood. Organic hypotheses do seem to have an impact on despondency. Twin examinations and family considers do exhibit probability that downturn is hereditary. In any case, qualities alone don't cause melancholy; on the off chance that this was the situation, at that point each kid naturally introduced to a burdensome family would there for become discouraged. This recommends gloom has a connection with hereditary qualities however it likewise needs different perspectives to start melancholy. Beck’s hypothesis of sadness has it’s qualities as it is upheld by a lot of examination demonstrating that downturn is in reality affected by negative reasoning. In any case, is contrary reasoning the reason for gloom or is it melancholy that makes an individual think adversely? On the off chance that downturn makes an individual think contrarily is it, at that point that downturn is a consequence of substance struggle? Serotonin levels must stay on an even level to empower a person’s temperament to remain stable. Serotonin levels drop in that of a discouraged individual. However it is obscure whether a low serotonin level causes despondency or climate sadness causes a low serotonin level. It stays obscure climate misery is in reality an aftereffect of natural elements or mental elements. Every individual experiences misery in their own specific manner. There is proof to propose that downturn runs in families, yet a family liberated from sorrow can have a discouraged individual among them. An upbeat family home, with two cherishing guardians can likewise have a discouraged youngster. In end to this task, what causes wretchedness? Given the exploration , proof and the restrictions of the speculations encompassing wretchedness it turns out to be reasonable for state that downturn holds numerous reasons and isn't just affected by one factor and can in reality be an aftereffect of many. BIBLOGRAPHY M Birchwood and C Jackson (2001) CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY secluded course schizophrenia East Sussex Psychology Press M Cardwell et al (2001) PSYCHOLOGY for A2 Level Hammersmith HarperCollins Publishers Limited J Cullberg (2006) PSYCHOSES A coordinated point of view London Routledge C Frith and E Johnstone (2003) SCHIZOPHRENIA a short presentation London Oxford University Press B Giles (2002) ABNORMAL PSYCHOLGY Rochester Grange Books plc R Gross (2001) PSYCHOLOGY The study of brain and conduct London Hodder and Stoughton. S Moore (2002) SOCIAL WELFARE ALIVE third version Cheltenham Nelson Thornes Ltd www. abnormalpsy. organization/disorderlinks/gloom 20/03/2008 www. bbc. co. uk/wellbeing/conditions/depression1. shtml 20/03/2008 www. bupa. co. uk/20/03/2008 www. clinical-despondency. co. uk 22/03/2008 www. depressionalliance. organization 22/03/2008 www. sadness advisor. co. uk 20/03/2008 www. fightingdepression. co. uk 20/03/2008 www. mind. organization. uk 22/03/2008 www. mentalhealth. organization. uk 22/03/2008 www. mentalhealthproject. com/20/03/2008 www.nhsdirect. nhs. uk/article 20/03/2008 www. overcomedepression. co. uk 22/03/2008. REFERENCE M Cardwell et al (2001) PSYCHOLOGY for A2 Level Hammersmith HarperCollins Publishers Limited J Cullberg (2006) PSYCHOSES A coordinated point of view London Routledge B Giles (2002) ABNORMAL PSYCHOLGY Rochester Grange Books plc www. abnormalpsy. organization/disorderlinks/sadness 20/03/2008 www. bbc. co. uk/wellbeing/conditions/depression1. shtml 20/03/2008 www. fightingdepression. co. uk 20/03/2008 www. nhsdirect. nhs. uk/article 20/03/2008.

Beethoven :: essays research papers

It has been known as the best sound element one would ever tune in to; a melody which can penetrate the spirit of even the most devoted music-hater: Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony. Not just has it been assigned in this manner; likewise, as one of only a handful few really supernaturally propelled works, one which most men can as it were wonder about, as they flounder in their suitable modesty. These manifestations, be that as it may, are unquestionably not by any means the only parts of elements past the extents of men; there are far more models, which are seen each day, yet regularly ignored. I was strolling outside, with this melody reverberating in the openings of my psyche, on an inauspicious, cloudy day in the Harvest time quarter, a day when where the boulevards mixed with the climate, when one could barely gaze upward without feeling the burn of the breeze against one’s face. To me, nowadays have consistently evoked pictures of a few inaccessible, approaching tempest, some quiet whirlwind which, if not in any case occupied will before long unleash pandemonium and calamity on my environs. This day had an extreme air about it, as do others of its kind. This is no doubt the deficiency of the tempest under which it is shadowed, just as it and its occupants are uncomfortable and harrowed about the approaching predator standing by overhead to jump. As the sky overhead swam with more profound and more profound shades of dim and sad dark, the melody in my psyche was arriving at some vocal crescendo in the fourth development, a superior foreteller of the hurricane I could not envision. While the breezes harassed and tormented the exposed neighborhood, I began for my home. Out of the blue, as the crescendo was losing speed, a calm, pacific violin entered the melodic fight in my cerebrum, and the whole disposition of the orchestra mellowed, the breezes themselves appeased, apparently under Ludwig’s flighty domain. Thinking the tempest had passed, I proceeded joyfully ahead to the glades which were my goal. Again I was attacked, this time by an alternate some portion of the ensemble; not very long after the primary chorale. This was the alarming and practically dreadful, yet at the same time inspiring, part in which the female and male vocals impacted like two enormous tsunamis with the ability to fragment an armada of boats with the German Alle Menschen rehashed a few times. Upon this attack of musicality, I abandoned whatever I might have been thinking previously, and took a gander at a few viciously contorting and rising leaves and different flotsam and jetsam, and looked at the lively sky, again foreboding. Irritated with Beethoven and the remorseless components, I remained there, unmoving; ambivalent, not realizing whether to pivot or seek after my current course, I felt the energized chorale despite everything striking

Changing an Outdated Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Changing an Outdated Policy - Assignment Example This arrangement specifies that the coach must be available during the real class injuries .The mentor is required to educate, make introductions in class and to assess the understudies. The assessment is consistently in either as short inquiries replied inside the class. This approach empowers the coach to get immediate criticism from the understudies on whether the subject or the talk has been comprehended. The understudies are additionally ready to look for explanations of muddled focuses. The approach makes the homeroom showing progressively intuitive. The understudy finds the opportunity to reason out focuses among themselves in class. The connections make learning progressively fun and intriguing. In spite of the fact that this strategy has its own favorable circumstances, it additionally has a few impediments. It has low separation level. That is, it doesn't permit understudies to move at their own paces. It has lower understudy participation and commitment. When an understudy misses an exercise, getting up to speed will be troublesome consequently diminished commitment in the class exercises. The understudy and the coach won't be about similar points. The present technique that should be acquainted by instructors with make learning progressively gainful is the flipped study hall. ... The flipped study hall has a great deal of preferences over the customary educating strategy. It takes into account more prominent separation since the understudies can move at their own paces. Improved understudy participation and commitment since when the instructor will be available in class, the person will manage the assignments where everybody is required to take an interest. It encourages progressively proactive connections between the educators and the understudies. This is on the grounds that both the gatherings will be occupied with critical thinking. The flipped study hall is understudy focused, progressively conservative with respect to the managers since it permits them to enlist less instructors since the educators don't invest a great deal of energy in class. Changing the Policy The first , ISLLC standard for school pioneers expresses that a school overseer is an instructive pioneer who advances the achievement of all understudies by encouraging the improvement , expla nation , execution and stewardship of a dream of discovering that is shared and bolstered by the school network. This implies a school overseer ought to consistently endeavor to bring changes that will improve the presentation of the understudies. This incorporates refreshing of the outdated arrangements. The approach that the instructor or the mentor must be available during sores is obsolete and ought to be supplanted by flipping study hall where the teacher’s introductions are recorded on record and the coach just talks about the assignments the understudy in class. The chose arrangement to refresh or change will profit the school from numerous points of view. Right off the bat, it’s practical since the school won't be required to recruit more educators since the instructors won't be required to invest a ton of energy in class. Furthermore, the arrangement change will assist with improving the evaluations in the

Ross Correspondent Rosss Toughest Classes

Ross Correspondent: Rosss Toughest Classes by: Campus Correspondent, Johanne Vincent (Ross) on March 20, 2018 | 0 Comments Comments 1,259 Views March 20, 2018At some point throughout their academic career, every student has encountered a class or two that theyve found really difficult. As a business school that prides itself on a rigorous and comprehensive curriculum, these classes might come a bit more often at Michigan Ross. I asked three Ross BBAs what their hardest class was so far as an undergrad, and how they were able to succeed in a challenging environment. Heres what they revealed.Geet Punjabi,  BBA ‘20â€Å"In my experience at Ross so far, my hardest class has been Accounting 300. Usually, I am very good with quantitative material, but accounting applications were not something I was used to. The toughest part was using what we had learned in lecture and applying it to different scenarios. The class itself, although very challenging, was very well taught. My p rofessor was very engaging in class and provided plenty of office hour opportunities for students to succeed in her class. There were many ways I succeeded in the class. Many people were intimidated and too busy to go to the office hours, but I would make sure to work them into my schedule at least once a week. I had a lot of one-on-one time with the GSIs (Graduate Student Instructors). The GSIs are a very valuable resource, so I would definitely recommend going to (their) office hours as much as possible. Additionally, doing all the practice problems was also very helpful!†Stanley Huang,  BBA ‘19â€Å"The hardest class at Ross was actually my introductory class, BA 200, Businesses and Leaders: The Positive Differences. What made this class so hard for me was the fact that I was new to the format of the class and the fact that the material tended to be more theoretical. We often had to base our material on real life problems, and often, real life problems tend to have multiple answers. As a result, our own problems in class tended to also have multiple right answers. Specifically, I remember one problem on an exam based on a negotiation case study and exercise we had. We had brainstormed so many different ways to solve the problem in class that the right answer to the question became very muddled. I mainly got through the class by taking it day-by-day. Basically, I tried my best on each assignment, then — based on my grade — decided what to do on future assignments. I didn’t exactly get the best grade in the class, but I did learn some lessons along the way. The biggest and most useful lesson I learned is how to think about things from an analytical business perspective. This is a skill that is constantly being honed throughout the Ross curriculum.†Kara Cendrowski,  BBA ‘18 â€Å"Business school is not exactly a walk in the park. I knew this when I signed up to attend one of the top-ranked undergraduate busine ss schools in America. My first year as a business student, however, I breezed through the classes and found them super intriguing. Then, the fall of my second year as a business student, I was required to take a class titled Technology Operations 313 and I was finally able to confirm all of the rumors about the rigor of the program. The class is designed to teach students about operations management. The concepts taught in the classroom such as six sigma and just in time manufacturing seemed easy enough, but when applied to homework problems that focused on real-world scenarios, it seemed impossible. This was a really good lesson in order to learn the complexity of the landscape businesses must make decisions in. As I was struggling with the out-of-lecture work for this course, I knew I needed to seek help so I reached out to the professor and became a regular at her office hours. The biggest lesson I learned from this experience is that if you are struggling, the best thing you c an do is ask for help. Its not ‘failure’ to admit that you dont understand something. The only time you can truly fail is if you fail to seek help when it is needed. With the guidance of my professor, I was able not only to achieve a grade in the class that I was proud of, but I gained more confidence in asking for the help needed to be successful in difficult endeavors.†DONT MISS: OLINS HARDEST CLASSES  and OLIN CORRESPONDENT: THE TOP 4 STUDY SPOTS AT OLIN Page 1 of 11

Japanese for Beginners - How to Start

Do you want to learn how to speak Japanese, but dont know where to start? Below you will find lessons for beginners, writing lessons, information on pronunciation and comprehension, where to find dictionaries and translation services, information for travelers to Japan, and  audio and video lessons. Try not to be overwhelmed. The Japanese language will seem very different at first from your native language, but it is not as hard to learn as many people think. It is quite a logically laid out language and once you learn basic reading skills it will be easy to pronounce any word you can read. Introduction to Japanese Are you new to Japanese? Familiarize yourself with Japanese and start learning basic vocabulary here. Japanese Vowels: Learn the pronunciation and how to write them in hiragana.Japanese Verb Conjugations: See the conjugations for the most common verbs.Japanese Grammar: Learn the characteristics of how sentences are constructed.Japanese Writing Systems: An overview of the three writing systems.Greetings and Everyday Expressions: Useful for tourists.First Meetings and Introductions: These tips will help in both business and social interactions.Simple Japanese Phrases: Learn a variety of simple phrases. Learning Japanese Writing There are three types of scripts in Japanese: kanji, hiragana and katakana. Japanese does not use an alphabet and all three systems are commonly used. Kanji has blocks of meaning and thousands of characters. Hiragana expresses the grammatical relationship between kanji symbols and katakana is used for foreign names. The good news is that hiragana and katakana have only 46 characters each and words are written as they are pronounced. Japanese Writing for Beginners - Introduction to Japanese writing and understanding how kanji, hiragana, and katakana are used.Kanji - 100 Most Frequent Characters: With thousands of different characters, these are the meanings of the top 100. Pronunciation and Comprehension Familiarizing yourself with the sounds and rhythms of the language is a good place to start. Audio and video lessons can help. Hearing someone speak in Japanese and being able to answer appropriately is very rewarding for the beginner. Audio PhrasebookJapanese Language Videos: Use these videos to see how to pronounce sounds from Hiragana and to use different expressions. You may learn better by seeing as well as hearing a person speak in Japanese. Japanese for Travelers If you need quick survival skills for your trip, try these. Japanese for Travelers: Learn phrases relating to getting around by train, taxi, bus, car, air, and walking.How to Order at a Restaurant: Youre going to need to eat, here are phrases that will come in handy. Dictionaries and Translations Choosing the right words for a translation can be difficult. There are many ways to look up Japanese words and to translate from English to Japanese and back again. Top 3 Japanese Dictionaries: If you want a book to have handy either on paper or electronically, these are the best.Top 10 Online Dictionaries: Access these from your mobile device or computer.Learning About Translating: Its not as simple of plopping words into an online form.Online Translations: The best of the bunch.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Big Data Essay - 584 Words

Advantages and Disadvantages of Big Data All new innovations have their advantages and disadvantages, and big data is no different. There are plenty of positive reasons for companies to adopt the new technology, but these rewards do come with some negative side effects. The main advantages of big data include the increased speed, capacity, and scalability of the storage as well being able to manage this information more effectively. By using cloud storage, computing capabilities have increased. With internal hardware there are restrictions regarding the amount of space available, but with cloud computing of big data these restrictions are not as magnified. Also, the capital investment that is needed for hardware storage is no longer†¦show more content†¦Companies now have the ability to collect even more information on customers than before. With the collection of more information, companies are also incentivized to store this information for a longer time period. People today are wary of what type of info rmation they want to give out because of the possibility of it landing in the wrong hands. Big data only magnifies the concern and potential for more personal information to end up with someone who should not have knowledge of the information. Many consumers are not aware of the amount of data that is collected. Every purchase that a customer makes is stored, especially those with loyalty cards, and tracked to find out more about the individual. Programs are able to make inferences about the customer that many believe is delving too far into the personal lives of the company’s customers. All of this extra data collected and the inferences that are being made are increasing the advantage for corporations over the individual. They are able to determine many factors including the amount of money you will spend on their product, the knowledge you have on the market, and the desire to own the product. These all contribute to companies being able to extract the maximum profits from the consumers. Many people believe this is an invasion of privacy and companies should not have this power and control over the marketplace. Corporations are also able toShow MoreRelatedWhat Are The Four Types Of Database And Their Pros And Cons1172 Words   |  5 Pagesdatabase is and then I am going to list four different types of database and their pros and cons (Advantages and Disadvantages) for all databases that has been listed. And finally I am going to give an example of each database when it can be used. What is a Database? A database is a group of data and ii is often shortened DB. They are mainly or normally used for two purposes. Storing data and sorting data. 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Jimmy Carter Essay Example For Students

Jimmy Carter Essay The President of Peace Jimmy Carter was born October 1, 1924, in the small farming town of Plains, Georgia, and grew up in the nearby community of Archery. His father, James Earl Carter, Sr., was a farmer and businessman; his mother, Lillian Gordy, a registered nurse. He was educated in the Plains public schools, attended Georgia Southwestern College and the Georgia Institute of Technology, and received a Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Naval Academy in 1946. On July 7, 1946, he married Rosalynn Smith. When his father died in 1953, he resigned a naval commission and returned to Plains. He became involved in the affairs of the community, serving as chairman of the county school board and the first president of the Georgia Planning Association. In 1962 he won election to the Georgia Senate. He lost his first gubernatorial campaign in 1966, but won the next election, becoming Georgias 76th governor on January 12, 1971. He was the Democratic National Committee campaign chairman for the 1974 congressional elections (Hochman html). After only serving one term as governor of Georgia he announced his candidacy for president of the United States on December 12, 1974. He won his partys nomination on the first ballot at the 1976 Democratic National Convention, and was elected the 39th president of the United States on November 2, 1976. During his presidency, Jimmy Carter made many important foreign policy accomplishments, including the Panama Canal treaties, the Diplomatic relations with China, and the Salt II treaty with the Soviet Union. Jimmy Carters first foreign policy accomplishment, and by the United States citizens, the most popular, were the Panama Canal treaties. After more than eighty years after the first official ocean-to-ocean transit of the Panama Canal, the United States and Panama embarked on a partnership for the management, operation and defense of the Panama Canal. Under two treaties signed in a ceremony at the OAS headquarters in Was hington, D.C., on September 7, 1977, the canal would be operated by the United States until the turn of the century under arrangements designed to strengthen the bonds of friendship and cooperation between the two countries. The treaties were approved by Panama in a plebiscite on October 23, 1977, and the United States Senate gave its advice and consent to their ratification in March and April 1978. The new treaties went into effect October 1, 1979 (Yahoo.com). The new treaties, passed under the Carter administration and Panamas head of state Omar Torrijos would give Panama full control of the canal on December 31, 1999, at 12:00 midnight. All of the canals assets would also be turned over to Panama (Lycos.com). The ratification of the Panama Canal treaties was an important step involving a decrease in Third World hostility toward the United States (Dumbrell 212). Carter and his advisors agreed even before the inauguration that the canal negotiations should be an immediate priority. If the United States did not successfully complete negotiations, which had been going on since the Johnson administration, the government of Panama might create conflict in the zone that would require drastic American action (Hargrove 123). Another of President Jimmy Carters foreign policy accomplishments was his normalizing relations with the Peoples Republic of China. Over the winter of 1977-1978 Carter cultivated relations with Chinese officials in Washington, and solicited an official invitation to visit China himself. However the president pulled back after his advisor Mondale stated that it was too much to ask the senate to handle the Panama Canal treaties and any new agreements with China at the same time. President Carter was thus told not to be explicit about normalization, and that his visit to China was inconclusive. In the Spring of 1978 president Carter decided that the Secretary of State Vance would visit China. Vance would visit China but would not be authorized to negotiate about normalization because Carter was afraid it might hurt developing relations with Russia and Japan. The United States and the Soviet Union were beginning to negotiate a S.A.L.T. (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) treaty, and Presi dent Carter was determined not to delay any SALT negotiations. Vance was not authorized to negotiate in China, but did a good job of laying the groundwork for future agreements. .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c , .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .postImageUrl , .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c , .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:hover , .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:visited , .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:active { border:0!important; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:active , .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u353bc77f84216a84aeea3b189223b72c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: President John F. Kennedy EssayIn the summer and Fall of 1978 president Carter negotiated the terms of normalization directly with the Chinese through the United States ambassador to China, Leonard Woodcock. Jimmy Carter believed that having better relations and stronger ties with China would help bring negotiations with the Soviet Union to a successful end. Directly after normalization terms concluded with China, president Carter pushed for a SALT treaty. By January 1979, Vance had met with Chinas Andrei Gromyko in Geneva to put the finishing touches to SALT (130, 131). By the later part of Jimmy Carters presidency, relations with the Soviet Union began to arise. The United States and the Soviet Union were working together on general terms for a SALT II treaty. Ceilings were set on the number of total strategic nuclear launch vehicles along with a subceiling for vehicles with multiple warheads that each country could hold. The Soviets could keep their total number of missiles and continue to add multiple warheads to them. The United States could increase their number of missiles and warheads up to the ceilings. The two unresolved issues were whether a new Soviet plane, the Backfire, was an offensive bomber (if so it would be included in the agreement) and whether the American Cruise missile, which was not mentioned to the Soviets for some time, would be considered a missile in terms of the Vladivostok agreement. Assuming the possibility of agreement on Backfire and the Cruise, a SALT II treaty based on the Vladivostok meeting would have stabilized the arms race but not reduced weapons arsenals. Limits were set on future development with the goal of parity. Soviet leader Brezhnev made it clear that the Soviets wanted a quick SALT agreement based on Vladivostok, with the Cruise missile included and the Backfire excluded. President Carter in turn suggested that the SALT II could be concluded without Cruise or Backfire but that it might be possible to move toward SALT III with deep reductions in existing forces. The Soviet leaders were uneasy about President Carters proposal to conclude SALT II, and were also concerned about sharp reductions in their existing weapons. The Soviet Union later accepted constraints on both Soviet Backfire and the American Cruise missile as part of the SALT II agreement. Basic agreement between the two nations on SALT II negotiations were achieved in April 1979, but an official SALT II treaty was never ratified. Final differences rounded out at the Carter-Brezhnev summit meeting in June of 1979 (134, 135). The Panama Canal treaties, the normalizing relations with China, and the SALT II treaty with the Soviet Union were among Jimmy Carters important foreign policy accomplishments during his presidency. The two broad foreign policy perspectives Jimmy Carter brought to his presidency was a determination to attack and resolve a number of difficult and outstanding problems. Ratification of the Panama Canal treaties was an important step in that direction. It signaled Jimmy Carters willingness to take on issues that Eisenhower, Johnson, Nixon, and Ford had considered too tricky (Dumbrell 212). Some saw losing the canal as a major loss to the United States because estimated construction costs were around $387 million and the United States had invested about $3 billion in the enterprise since 1903. The majority of the United States citizens had overlooked the money spent on the canal and saw it as a great opportunity to improve relations with Panama. The relations president Carter set with Chi na was also an important step in resolving world peace matters. By giving China full diplomatic recognition, it gave the United States a more neutral stance throughout the world. President Jimmy Carters last great foreign policy achievement before his presidency was over, were the Strategic Arms Limitation negotiations with the Soviet Union. Despite failure of the SALT II treaty being ratified, it set an agreement for the heavy cut back of nuclear weapons for both the United States and the Soviet Union. This was a relief to the citizens of the United States in a sense that the nuclear arms race was coming to a halt. Jimmy Carter was a man who made the most of his opportunities and did what was best, in his mind, for the general public of all United States. The puzzle about the Carter presidency which may never be fully answered is why Jimmy Carter became so unpopular with the media, politicians and the general public, and stayed unpopular during the presidency of his successor. With more political skill, and a good bit more luck, Jimmy Carter might have been a second term president.Bibliography: Works CitedDumbrell, John. The Carter Presidency: A Re-Evaluation. 2nd ed. Manchester UP, 1995. .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 , .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .postImageUrl , .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 , .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:hover , .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:visited , .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:active { border:0!important; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:active , .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5 .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2b92ef6648aa7fd3ebc2e41b03f2bec5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Glossary: AARON EssayHargrove, Erwin C. Jimmy Carter as President: Leadership and the Politics of the Public Good. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1998. Hochman, Steven H. Metacrawler.com: October 1, 1997. . Lycos.com: September 21, 1997. http:/www.simulations.com/panamacanal/index.htm. Yahoo.com: March 1, 1998. http:/www.pancanal.com/ctransition/.

Information security in Small Scale Enterprises

Introduction Scientific innovations and inventions have led to technological advances; the technology has increasingly been adopted in businesses in different areas/processes; however, there are numerous threats brought by the use of technology.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Information security in Small Scale Enterprises specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The affordability of computer and computer software has facilitated the use of technology in small-scale business; some of the most used technological advancements within an organization are information sharing systems, enterprise reporting programs, the Internet, and e-commerce. Employing technology in small-scale businesses opens them to myriad of problems; information security is the greatest threat (Wallace, Lin Cefaratti, 2011). This paper discusses how to secure small-scale business from technology related threats. Best information security syst em To have an elaborate information security within an organization, the management needs to develop a security policy; a security policy defines the use and accessibility of information in a company. When making a security policy, it should not be seen as an end user policy, however it should be ongoing and protection adhered to at every stage. An effective security policy provides five important services to the organizations, the services are: Access It offers the users a chance to receive and transmit data within the system while adhering to proper machine and data handling. Confidentiality The policy should respect privacy of information whether individual privacy or corporate privacy. Authentication The system should be efficient in transmitting of information that messages can be traced back with certainty.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Integrity The system should ensure tha t the message sent has not been changed or modified when in transit. No- repudiation The system should ensure that it keeps proper records of the sender and receiver of message, the time of the transmission and the information kept cannot be altered (Yayla Hu, 2011). The process should have a five working principle that the organization should look into, they are: Physical security and lock down all the technological assets When a small-scale business has embarked on securing its information, the initial stage is to regulate physical access of computer hardware like server, personal computers, and other networking and telecommunications equipment. The prevention is from human resources of the company and external users; access should be limited to those people with permission to access the machines. Some of the most common methods of physical security include lock and key, the use of passwords when opening the security rooms, use of fingerprints to limit the access to the computer systems rooms and the use of alarm systems to alert incase of trespass (Hulitt Vaughn, 2010). Physical security is not adequate in itself since the machines will have to be used at one point, a policy that elaborates on the best ,machine and data handling best practices should be implemented and staffs trained accordingly; such a training will assist the staffs have a clear understanding of why they need to protect information within their organization. Process and procedures security setups With the physical security set-up, the management should now focus on technological aspects of the security plan, this are the process and procedures security maintenance to ensure that the information of a company is secure regardless of who has an access to the system.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Information security in Small Scale Enterprises specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The control of the Internet and i ntranet should be prioritized; creating firewalls that limit incoming and outgoing traffic will assist in monitoring and controlling the use of the tools. Fireworks is one of the most known effective methods of controlling internet and internet system, it is able to keep off unwanted messages within the system; however the system does not protect a system form virus and spywares. Since firewalls allow viruses and spywares to operate in the system, then a company should have an effective antivirus and antispyware software; the software should be up-to date and updated through the system without offering some dangers to the system. People with a certain negative intention develop viruses and thus strong anti-virus software should be maintained; the system adopted should be strong enough that can detect virus programs and block them from accessing the system. Small-scale businesses should not shy off from investing in expensive but effective security systems, since the market has some ant viruses that cannot be fully relied upon. Website management and protection One area that small-scale businesses communicate with the outside world is through their websites. It is through the sites that they offer some information and access right of outsiders to their company information. To ensure that data is secure a company must establish ways to protect information that is contained in its website; the approach is seen as an internal and external approach. Internal in the fact that the information offered should be limited and the one meant for public consumption and external in that it protects external users from accessing some information about the company. The kind of data that it posts over the internet should be vetted; information has many users for various reasons, any information posted should target a certain user and the behavior as a result should be speculated. If information is likely to hurt the organization, then it is better not offered, some users of inf ormation for the loss of a company include competitors and people will ill motives. There should be a specific class of people mandated with the role of uploading information in the website; the power to upload information should not be vested in one person, however a team of web-managers should be developed.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The web master should have the exclusive rights to upload information only after the team has deliberated and seen the move as appropriate. This will require restriction to servers and main computer room (the approach to restriction has been discussed earlier). Another important yet ignored task of web management team is withdraw of information and alteration of information posted in the website. The same staff should be mandated with the task of withdrawing any information that may have gotten to their website either through malice or through mistake before it has tarnished the name of a company (Wibowo Batra, 2010). Using genuine and up-to date software and hardware Technological advancement has made it possible to have some systems that are secure and those that can handle some basic information threats. For example having software that have timeouts when not used can assist a company to secure information that could be accessed when a system is running. In the market, there is the option of buying software/hardware then install security measures and other systems that come with an inbuilt security system. Systems that come with security set-ups are referred to as managed security services or software-as-a-service (SaaS); they come with a warranty that they will secure information for a certain period if used effectively. Small-scale businesses should use such systems since they offer more security and fallback in case they collapse. Alternatively, the developers of the systems are mostly large companies with the resources of developing an effective system; this small-scale business will relatively pay low for quality service (Veiga Eloff, 2007). Upgrading company’s software is another thing that can assist a company keeps away people from accessing some crucial information; for example, an operating system like Windows keeps updating its software to offer better services and protection against some threats. Technology is changing day by day and th us a company should maintain a strong information and technology team that can keep the company with the pace of computer world (CAIN, 2010). Hacking can be prevented by ensuring that software’s adopted by a company are complex in their design but user friendly; hackers have use other software that run parallel to the original software to get information about a company; however using genuine and well developed software can keep them away. This will assist a company to keep away hackers. Many are the times that a system is hacked by information and technology people who have worked with the system and thus know how it operates. To prevent this there should be a responsibility oath enforceable in court taken by information and technology experts leaving and getting into an organization. Secondly, there should be not one center of power; no one should fully understand a system in operation. Checks and balances should be set (Aggeliki, Spyros, Costas Stefanos, 2010). Have data back-up systems To the extremes, information can be lost due to some unavoidable situation; small-scale businesses should have backup systems that will assist them retrieve back information that has been lost. The backup systems are kept in a different station other than the place of operation. Incase data as lost, and then they are used as a fallback. Technology has today reached to a level that lost data can be recovered by use of data recovery tools, though they would require a prior registration; a company should invest in such kind of technologies (Batra, 2007). Employee’s awareness and internal processes control One of the potential areas that information security issues can emerge from is staffs with malice or some who are innocent or ignorant. Managers should ensure that they have programs that train their staffs on the need to have high information security. Other than training, the management should have policies that facilitate the adherence of security of informat ion (Puhakainen Siponen, 2010).. Some of the operations that employees put in the system may be dangerous to the system; there are times that flash disks have been used to transfer information form the company to other places, or employees downloading software’s or installing some software in company computers. This leads to threat of information. To prevent employees from using external gadgets to get information, the management should block the use of USB cable networks, or if they must be used, the crucial information may be formatted to be read-only such that employees will not be able to get the information. Some systems that can be used to manage the access and transfer of information from computer within an organization; they include Windows Registry software which limits the access and transfer of information without authentication (Peltier, 2002). When an employee want to download or install some programs in the system; there should be proper approval and the need f or the proposed software be defined. When the system has been installed, the management should vet and scrutinize it for any threats it is likely to bring to the company. The Information and technology department should be guided by integrity and have the capacity that it can make the system work with optimal security. They have the expertise of creating security policies like the use of passwords and limiting access to computers at individual level. Alternatively, they should register computers under the name of the user thus incase of anything done using the computer, they can trace back. This approach is a psychological or threatening approach where employees will shy off from misusing their computers in the fear that they will be detected and punished if there is a leakage of information via their computers. This increases reliability and employees fee more accountable of the information they have (Asai Hakizabera, 2010). When a small-scale company has decided to implement a se curity policy, some procedure and processes that it must consider are: Know your attackers Before the best strategy has been rolled out, the most important issue to realize is to know the possible sources of information threats; when the attackers are known, as well as they operated, then the company can be in a better position be able to maintain high security system. The approach to security that the company should take is dictated by the tread of the approach and the intent that the information hackers have (Kantardzic, 2002). Determine the pain thresholds With the nature and the tread of the attackers, the system that will be used should be there to frustrate the attackers; determining how long the attackers can go is of importance since the company will develop the strategy that frustrates attackers and probably limits their attempt in the future (Hennie, Lynette Tjaart, 2010). Research of the best method With an understanding of the situation and the attackers to burr from th e system, a company needs to develop alternatives available for the task. The alternatives may be commercial software or sometimes need to restructure the internal controls within the organization. In whichever the situation, a company should aim at implementing the best security approach at its disposal. Some of the potential areas that need to be looked into are Social engineering, internal information control policies, and the vulnerability of the system and the integrity of a company’s employees (Hill, 2009). Rolling out, controlling, monitoring and reinforcing When the best approach has been recognized, then the company should come-up with a rolling out plan, it should be appreciated that developing security systems is like any other change within an organization that need to be strategically planned. The involvement of management in controlling and monitoring is called for (Dhillon, 2007). Conclusion Technology has brought numerous advantages in small-scale businesses; however, it exposes them to information security threats. Data and information held by a company is an intangible asset, thus should be secured and protected; however, some companies have had their private information lost or accessed by unauthorized users. Information management team has the role of establishing an effective information security strategy that looks into internal and external information threats. References Aggeliki T., Spyros, K., Costas, L. Stefanos, G. (2010). A security standards’ framework to facilitate best practices’ awareness and conformity. Information Management Computer Security, 18(5), 350-365. Asai, T. Hakizabera, A. (2010). Human-related problems of information security in East African cross-cultural environments. Information Management Computer Security, 18(5), 328-338. Batra, M. (2007). The dark side of international business. Competition Forum, 5, 306-314. CAIN, A. A. (2010). Information Security a Top Priority. Internal Auditor, 6 7(1), 17. Dhillon, G. (2007). Principles of Information Systems Security: text and cases. NY: John Wiley Sons. Hennie, K., Lynette, D. Tjaart, S. (2010). A vocabulary test to assess information security awareness. Information Management Computer Security, 18(5), 316-327. Hill, C.W. (2009). Global business today. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Hulitt, E., Vaughn, R. (2010). Information system security compliance to FISMA standard: a quantitative measure. Telecommunication Systems, 45(2-3), 139-152. Kantardzic, M. (2002). Data mining: Concepts, models, methods and algorithms. New York: J. Wiley. Peltier, R. (2002). Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach publications. Puhakainen, P., Siponen, M. (2010). Improving Employees’ Compliance Through Information Systems Security Training: An Action Research Study. MIS Quarterly, 34(4), 767-A4. Wallace, L., Lin, H., Cefaratti, M. (2011 ). Information Security and Sarbanes-Oxley Compliance: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Information Systems, 25(1), 185-211. Wibowo, K., Batra, M.(2010). Information Insecurity in the Globalization Era: Threats, Governance, and Survivability. Competition Forum, 8(1), 111-120. Veiga, A.D. Eloff, J.H. (2007). An information security governance framework. Information Systems Management, 24, 361 – 372. Yayla, A., Hu, Q. (2011). The impact of information security events on the stock value of firms: the effect of contingency factors. Journal of Information Technology, 26(1), 60-77. This research paper on Information security in Small Scale Enterprises was written and submitted by user Lady Deathstrike to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Teens Dealing With Drugs essays

Teens Dealing With Drugs essays Hey let me bum a cigarette. Hey share the wealth, I need more alcohol. Teens today are having many problems dealing with drugs. Teenagers get influence by ads in magazines, ads on TV, people pressuring them, and from everyday life. Drugs and Alcohol does not help anything in the world. When teens are having problems, some of them do drugs or even drink alcohol to get rid of their problems, but that wont do any good it just causes more problems. There are many types of drugs that teens can use. For example, Marijuana, Ecstasy, Cocaine, Heroin, LSD, Speed, Morphine, Nicotine, and Tobacco. These are the most known drugs that Teenagers use. 1,000 teenage girls were surveyed from across the country and 100%; all of them said that they have used Marijuana. Then Ecstasy came in second with 25%. Problem with using drugs is that it just causes more problems to your life. Teens dont know that drugs wont solve any problems they have, it just messes it up more. Some of them dont even have problems; they just do it to be cool. Teenagers say that when you try it once, you just get hooked and cant seem to stop. Teenagers know that its bad for them but they do it anyways, some teens are smart and know that being a Pot-Head is not a good idea. Its bad for your health and for your life; it will only bring more problems. What really influences teens to do drugs? Why exactly do they do it? Well there are so many reasons why, because its cool, it solves a problem theyre having, depression, to get high, everyone is doing it, and to escape reality. These are not brilliant ideas to start smoking. Now what influences them to do it? Well, they see their parents do it, friends, they see ads on T.V and magazines, and also, they see celebrities doing it. Some teens look at their favorite star and say that we want to be like them, and if we see them smoke or drink then we may want...

International business in emerging economics Assignment - 1

International business in emerging economics - Assignment Example In addition, there are other benefits including availability of raw materials, affordable skilled labor and ready market. The continued efforts by governments and environmentalists to promote renewable energy are a major advantage for the company. The entry of EST in the Chinese solar panel manufacturing sector can be done through the adoption of a trade-based strategy. This strategy involves establishment of a factory that manufactures solar panels without using any subsidiaries. The development of a wholly owned factory is highly beneficial to the company since the company is able to streamline its operations according to favourable conditions of the company. China is one of the strongest emerging economies in the world having been catapulted by the economic reforms that were advanced in the 1970s. With a GDP of $ 9.24 trillion in 2013 (which is a 7.7% growth), China has shifted from a centrally planned economy to one that is market based (The World Bank 2014). The availability of raw materials, labor and ready market has made China to industrialize at a very fast pace. Among many technologies that have been advanced in the world, the manufacturing of solar panels is a major hit in the market today. Solar panels are being widely used in many countries of the world where there is adequate solar energy as a source of renewable energy. This is because solar energy is associated with diverse benefits including environmental safety and is a relatively cheaper source of energy. The solar panel manufacturing has demonstrated 15.5% growth rate for the period between 2009 and 2014 (IBISWorld 2014). In addition, there is an increase in the demand for solar panels in Africa and Asia. In an effort to enhance efficiency in the production of solar panels not only for consumption in China but all over the world, Ecofriends Solar Technologies endeavors to establish a manufacturing plant in China. This report puts into perspective an assessment developing such a plant in

Search and Rescue in Residential Fire Structures Research Paper

Search and Rescue in Residential Fire Structures - Research Paper Example It is vital to the safety of our society that researchers continue to enhance the technologies that allow fire fighters to do their jobs in the safest and most effective fashion possible, especially those working in residential structure fires and residential search and rescue. Residential structure fires are responsible for approximately two to three thousand civilian deaths per year since 1997, but these numbers have been dropping due to improved fire prevention education, early fire detection, and fire suppression technologies being used, and also the improved technologies and equipment available for search and rescue efforts (USFA, 2008). These search and rescue technologies fall into two major categories: those devices that make it easier for fire fighters to find and save those victims trapped within a burning building and those technologies that protect the fire fighters' own lives, which indirectly will save even more lives than the direct equipment. Technologies that allow f ire fighters to rescue those victims who have been trapped within a burning building mainly include those which allow the rescue workers to find those individuals more quickly. The primary and most impressive piece of equipment in this category is the thermal imaging camera. A thermal imaging camera helps the fire fighters to see people more easily through dense smoke or haze, by analyzing the image of a trapped figure and â€Å"convert[ing] the 'thermal signature' to a visible image† (Marlow Industries Inc, 2008). These cameras are able to convert the most minute differences in the temperature of objects into a visible light image for the fire fighter using the camera to view, and they work even in complete darkness as they do not require any ambient visible light to resolve the images (FLIR Commercial Vision Systems, n.d.). This combination of processes means that a thermal imaging camera can be used by a fire fighter to look into a dark or smoke-filled room and determine i mmediately if there are any people within the room who need to be evacuated from the building. The image will also show the fire fighter if there are any flames or ignition sources within that room (FLIR Commercial Vision Systems, n.d.) Such cameras work by visualizing an image using infrared radiation instead of visible light sources. They are able to produce images at high resolution through heavy smoke due to the fact that the infrared radiation used has a longer wavelength, reducing scattering off of particulate matter in the air. (FLIR Commercial Visions Systems, n.d.). Some cameras are even able to transmit these images to a commander outside the building, allowing him or her to better control the situation within the building based on the real-time data being received (Santa Clara County Fire Department, â€Å"High-Tech and Specialized Equipment, n.d.). These cameras are also sometimes of adjustable sensitivity, to allow for varying temperature ranges in the space being view ed. They can be more sensitive for narrow temperature ranges, such as looking into a hot room, and less sensitive cameras for situations where temperatures vary more widely, such as trying to locate an individual in a smoky but relatively cool room (Amon, Bryner, & Hamins, 2005).

Explore How Black People Are Differently Treated by the Criminal Justice System Essay Example for Free

Explore How Black People Are Differently Treated by the Criminal Justice System Essay Racial prejudice is not unique to modern day society, it has been with us for a long time, this has been coupled with the belief that certain racial groups are less intelligent, or backward compared to white European stock, nowhere is this more true than in the criminal justice system. In 1869 Francis Galton published a book called Hereditary Genius this contained a chapter called The Comparative Worth of Different Races which considered that black Americans were genetically inferior to white Americans. Galton stated that blacks scored on average 15 IQ points below whites. (Coleman 1987) We can see that within the field of criminal justice, and with Galtons work considered that black people were bound to be treated differently due to a belief born out of misunderstanding of the nature of culture and individual personality differences, the hereditary argument has never been scientifically proved or disproved. The 1991 census showed that 5. 5% of the population were from an ethnic origin, with 1. 6% of these being black from an Afro-Caribbean background. It was reported that a higher amount of the ethnic minorities was of younger people than in the general population, and it can be seen that this alone could be a reason for the proportionately higher level of blacks in the criminal justice system , going on the grounds that in the indigenous population it is the younger generation, those aged 14-25 years that commit the vast majority of crime. Crime by ethnic minorities, and in particular young black males can also be seen to be a social situation, and may be a product of sheer logistics. Many new immigrant families move into what is perceived as a high crime area, particularly inner city areas, where housing may be cheaper and unemployment is higher than at a national level. These areas may receive more police attention than richer areas and therefore the new immigrant families come to the attention of the police more than those in more rural areas. xenophobia may also cause the police to over react when dealing with black families. A study by Goreman Coleman (1982) looking at personality and attitudes within the British police force, showed that the average police constable was indeed racist. They asked in the study for police officers to write a short essay, some of the comments were vigorously racist, comments such as, Certain members of the coloured population that l have met are OK but the majority of youths of the West Indian community are savage ignorant vicious thieving bastards , . most of them are just dirty , over 50% of trouble is caused by niggers , smelly backward people who will never change (Coleman 1987). In the last 10 years most public agencies, including the police force, have formed equal opportunities policies, these apply not only to recruitment but also to the way people are treated, and is especially needed in the criminal justice system where there are disproportionately more blacks than whites in the prison system in comparison to the size of the black population in society as a whole. It was reported in 1982 that black people made up 18% of the prison population, but only accounted for 5% of the general population. The figures are worse for Afro-Caribbean males, 1% of the population, but 11% of the prison population. (Home Office 1982). During the 1980s it became apparent that blacks were more likely to be stopped by the police. The British Crime Survey in 1988 found that 14% of Asians, 15% of whites, but 20% of Afro-Caribbeans reported being stopped by the police in the preceding year (Skogan 1990) The British Crime Survey also reported that there was some evidence that crimes detected by the police and those reported by the public seemed to have a racial bias. Blacks and Asians also complained more than whites about the way they were treated once arrested by the police (Skogan 1990). On the subject of arrest it seems also that blacks are treated differently in this process. A survey by the PSI (Policy Studies Institute) in 1983 found that blacks were disproportionately arrested, they found that 5% of the population of London were black, but 17% of those arrested in London were black. Further studies by Walker (1988) (1989) support these findings. Landau Nathan (1983) reported that there is evidence to suggest that blacks will be cautioned less than whites, a white youngster is four times more likely to receive a caution than a black juvenile. Also black juveniles are more likely to be remanded in custody than whit or Asian teenagers. Walker (1988) also showed that black juveniles are twice as likely to appear at crown court than whites. A Home Office Statistical Bulletin (1986) showed that blacks in prison were more likely to have less previous convictions than white men in similar circumstances, the figure for whites was 62%, Afro-Caribbeans 48% and for Asians 20%. The main finding from these and many other statistics is that black people are dealt with, whether as suspects, offenders or defendants, in a highly disproportionate way, it can also be seen that they are treated more harshly than their white counterparts at virtually every stage of the criminal justice process. It is therefore not surprising that black people have less faith in the police and criminal justice system than white British people. David Smith (1994) argues that the main group in society has a degree of power, seen to be unique and special in relation to religious, social and cultural traditions of the particular society, thus creating an unequal legal system that is biased against ethnic minorities. This can be seen to be the stem from which racial disparities may emerge in the British legal system and criminal process, and may explain why black people are treated differently by the criminal justice system. He (Smith) further argues that the law is a national institution and part of a national identity that is born out of centuries of tradition, and therefore unless changed does not take account of relatively recent immigration of ethnic minorities to this country. It can be argued that there are two main reasons for blacks being disproportionately represented in our criminal justice system, firstly that they commit more crime, and secondly that they are treated in a different and possibly harsher way, so as to be over represented in the criminal justice system. Research in the USA has shown that crime is in fact higher amongst blacks (Wilbanks 1987). This view has been criticised, for example by Reiner (1993) stating that to exclude external variables that effect such findings is almost impossible. Reiner (1989 1993) concluded that it is the way in which black people are treated differently from white people in our criminal justice system that created the disproportionate levels of minorities in the process, although he concedes that this is far from conclusive. Smith (1994) criticises Reiner for this view, believing that Reiner is contradicting himself, with little evidence, suggesting that it is treatment that cause high black representation in the criminal justice system, but stating that this may not be believed by some, and is in fact inconclusive. It is true that blacks are over represented in the criminal justice process, what is not clear is, why. Whether we like to think it or not there is still a great deal of racial prejudice in this country, and this alone feeds societies morals and thus its policing and criminal law, this prejudice and discrimination therefore makes it difficult for minorities to gain employment, especially in times of high unemployment and recession. This can lead to feelings of rejection, lack of self-esteem, poverty, lack of self-respect and insecurity. Blacks, as mentioned above, often live in the poorest areas of the cities and therefore come to the attention of the police far more than white youths, parents may also find it difficult to exercise control over their children in areas where social control is at its lowest. Whatever the reason for higher black crime, whether a statistical wrong, or innate criminality, for which there is little support, it is clear we will never get at the real reason that blacks are treated differently by the criminal justice system, too many people would have too much to lose by finding an answer. 1,407 words. REFERENCES. Coleman, A. (1987) Facts, Fallacies and Frauds in Psychology. London: Unwin Hyman. Galton, F. (1869) Hereditary Genius, an enquiry into its laws and consequences (2 ed. 1978) London: Friedmann. Coleman, A. Goreman, L.. (1982) Conservatism, Dogmatism, and authoritarianism in British police officers. Sociology, 16, 1-11. Landau, s. Nathan, g. (1983) Selecting Delinquents for Cautioning in the London Metropolitan Area. British Journal of Criminology. 23, (2): 128-48. Reiner, R. (1989) Chief Constables. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Reiner, R. (1993) Race, Crime Justice, Models of Interpretation. IN L, Gelsthorpe, W, McWilliam (Eds) Minority Ethnic Groups and the Criminal Justice System. Cambridge: Cambridge Institute of Criminology. Skogan, W. (1990) The Police and Public in England and Wales, A British Crime Survey Report. Home Office Research Study no: 117. London: HMSO. Smith, D. (1994) Race, Crime and Criminal Justice. IN Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Maguire, M. ; Morgan, R. Reiner, R. (Eds) Oxford: Claenden Press. Walker, M. (1988) The Court Disposal of Young Males by Race in London 1983. British Journal of Criminology: 28, (4) 441-59. Walker, M. (1989) The Court Disposal and remands of White, Afro-Caribbean and Asian Men(London 1983). British Journal of Criminology. 29. (4), 353-67. Wilbanks, W. (1987) The Myth of a Racist Criminal Justice System. USA: Brooks/Cole.

The Software Piracy Problem in China :: Technology

The Software Piracy Problem in China 1. The truth: Software piracy at issue in China. Surprisingly, software counterfeiting has such a profitable global market that â€Å"organized criminal groups using the proceeds from software counterfeiting to pay for terrorist operations overseas†, according to Brad Smith, Microsoft general counsel international. [1] Even though most people nowadays are aware of pirated software either from various news medium, or by seeing illegal software copies distributed among friends or students in their personal PCs, it would still be a shocking fact that, in the year 2000, software companies estimated that they lost $12 billion in revenue because of counterfeiting. That's 15% of the industry's $80 billion in worldwide sales.[2] Although software piracy is undoubtedly a global issue, people have been paying special attention to this issue in China. The truth is that, even though the piracy rate is increasing worldwide and the rate rose in 2000 to 37% from 36% in 1999, which means 37% of the software sold is estimated to be fake, the software piracy rates in China are up to 92% in 2002 according to Business Software Alliance (BSA). [3] Compare to China, in U.S. the average piracy rate by states is only 25.1%. Software piracy has different types. BSA identifies five common types as follows.[4] First, end user piracy. It occurs when a company employee reproduces copies of software without authorization, including using one licensed copy to install a program on multiple computers, or copying disks for installation and distribution, etc. Second, client-server overuse. It occurs when too many employees on a network are using a central copy of a program at the same time. Third, Internet piracy. This occurs when software is downloaded from the Internet where the same purchasing rules should apply to online software purchase as for those bought in traditional ways. Fourth, Hard Disk loading. It occurs when a business that sells new computers loads illegal copies of software onto the hard disks to make the purchase of the machines more attractive. Finally, Software Counterfeiting. This type of piracy is the illegal duplication and sale of copyrighted material with the intent of directly imitating the copyrighted product. In China, most of the software piracy is conducted as the type of Software Counterfeiting. Street gangs selling pirated software can be easily seen in grey market anywhere in China. 2. Who is able to protect your software right? The government?

Handle Information in Social Care Essay

The data protection act has been put in place to protect employees against the misuse of personal data, personal information will be stored in a file and may only be disclosed by law outside the company with the employees written consent , or where there is any danger to the employees health. It is important the company has a secure system to record and store information so that they can contact the employee , or in case of an emergency contact the next of kin . It is important to keep information up to date and accurate and correct any data straight away , and review personal data regularly to ensure all data is kept up to date Employees can receive a print on an annually basis to be sure that all their information is correct . All employees have the right to ask the employees to arrange for them to read all the personal data that is held for them because all employees have the right to access their personal data . Employees that have access to personal data must strictly go along with the policy and if these policies and procedures are not complied with it may be result in disciplinary action being taken against themselves. Any concerns that the employee may have over the recordings it must be brought to the attention of their employer straight away and should be dealt with accordingly . It is very important that data protection has been put in place to protect information on you service users and the information held should only be given out to the relevant people etc family and doctor . the information should be kept up to date to keep the information accurate . The care plan diary should be kept in a safe place due to the personal information it holds

Enron Corporation The Largest Energy Trading Essay

Enron Corporation is the largest energy-trading located in Houston, Texas. It was founded by Kenneth L. Lay in 1985. Enron has been form through the merger between Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth Incorporation and initially named it as HNG/Inter-North Incorporation, before renames it as Enteron. In 1986, the company name has been shortened to Enron Corporation. At the beginning of the operation, Enron only involved in the transmission and distribution of electricity and gas throughout the United States. After that, Enron has expanded the business to information and communication, and machine metal industry. The company has providing services and products that related to natural gas, oil, broadband, pulp and paper, water as well as electricity and has been distributed it worldwide. Besides that, Enron involved in developed, created, and operated power plants and pipelines. 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